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传感器的基础知识
Basic knowledge of transducers
A transducer is a device which converts the quantity being measured into an
optical,mechanical, or-more commonly-electrical signal. The energy-conversion process
that takesplace is referred to as transduction. Transducers are classified according to the
transduction principle involved and the form of themeasured. Thus a resistance
transducer for measuring displacement is classified as aresistance displacement
transducer. Other classification examples are pressure bellows, force diaphragm, pressure
flapper-nozzle, and so on.
1. Transducer Elements
Although there are exception ,most transducers consist of a sensing element and a
conversionor control element. For example, diaphragms,bellows,strain tubes and rings,
bourdon tubes,and cantilevers are sensing elements which respond to changes in pressure
or force and convert these physical quantities into a displacement. This displacement may
then be used tochange an electrical parameter such as voltage, resistance, capacitance, or
inductance. Such combination of mechanical and electrical elements form
electromechanical transducing devices or transducers. Similar combination can be made
for other energy input such as thermal. Photo, magnetic and chemical,giving
thermoelectric, photoelectric,electromaanetic,and electrochemical respectively.
2. Transducer Sensitivity
The relationship between the measured and the transducer output signal is usually
obtained bycalibration tests and is referred to as the transducer sensitivity Kl=output-
signal increment /measured increment. In practice, the transducer sensitivity is usually
known, and, bymeasuring the output signal, the input quantity is determined from input =
output-signal increment / Kl.
3. Characteristics of an Ideal Transducer
The high transducer should exhibit the following characteristics.
a high fidelity-the transducer output waveform shape be a faithfu
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