《高等固体物理4》.pptVIP

新进展 观察到分数电荷涨落. FQHE 的Ginsburg Landau 理论. 费米, 玻色 和分数统计. 边缘态和共形场论. … 利用一维结观察分数电荷 C.L. Kane and M.P.A. Fisher, Shot in the Arm for Fractional Charge, Nature 389, 119 (1997). The Quantum Hall effect (QHE) is one example of a quantum phenomenon that occurs on a truly macroscopic scale. The signature of QHE is the quantization plateaus in the Hall resistance (Rxy) and vanishing magnetoresistance (Rxx) in a magnetic field. The QHE, exclusive to two-dimensional metals, has led to the establishment of a new metrological standard, the resistance quantum, , that contains only fundamental constant. As with many other quantum phenomena, the observation of the QHE usually requires low temperatures (previously reported highest temperature was 30 K). In graphene, a single atomic layer of graphite, however, we have observed a well-defined QHE at room temperature owing to the unusual electronic band structure and the relativistic nature of the charge carriers of graphene. Room-Temperature Quantum Hall Effect in Graphene PI: Philip Kim, Department of Physics, Columbia Universty Supported by NSF (No. DMR-03-52738 and No. CHE-0117752), NYSTAR DOE (No. DE-AIO2-04ER46133 and No. DE-FG02-05ER46215), and Keck Foundation NHMFL T=300 K B=45 T Novoselov, K.S.; Jiang, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Morozov, S.V.; Stormer, H.L.; Zeitler, U.; Maan, J.C.; Boebinger, G.S.; Kim, P. and Geim, A.K., Science, 315 (5817), 1379 (2007). Figure: Magnetoresistance (Rxx) and Hall resistance (Rxy) of graphene as a function of the back gate voltage (Vg) in a magnetic field of B=45 T at room temperature. 4.2 二维体系中的相变 连续相变的描述：序参量 非零?零 维度对相变、临界行为有重要影响 一维体系，T0时，体系总是无序，不存在长程序，无相变 二维体系？ 相变取决于序参量的自由度数 N=1,有相变，如二维Ising模型 N=3,无相变，如二维Heisenberg模型 N=2: 序参量为零，但可有准长程序， Kosterlitz-Thouless(K-T)相变 相变概念的拓宽 序参量自由度n=2的二维系统： 自旋X-Y模型，二维超流体、二维超导体及二维晶体等 低温下，自旋的关联随距离作代数式的衰减。对有限尺寸的 样品，二维X-Y模型的低温相就呈现出表观的长程序（准长程序），到高温，则为没有长程序的无序相所取代，期间有无相变？ 1970年：Brezinskii提出涡旋对松解所对应的连续相变思想 (Z.Eksp.Tev.Fiz.,59,907(1970)) 1973年：Kosterli