病理学与病理生理学 肝硬化 肝硬化.ppt

? The liver is the largest internal body organs and sits below the diaphragm primarily in the right upper abdominal cavity.? The liver is divided into four lobes: two principle lobes, right and left and two smaller lobes, the caudate and quadrate lobes.? The liver histologically is glandular cuboidal epithelial cells supported by reticular connective tissue.? Functionally, the liver is divided into hepatic lobules by its connective tissue support.? The hepatic lobules are made up of these cuboidal epithelial cells called hepatic cells that radiate from central veins.? The lobule is hexagonal in shape and at the corners of the hepatic lobule are three structures collectively called the hepatic triad.? Each hepatic triad is formed by the hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and bile duct.? The portal vein brings blood from the digestive organs to the liver for cleansing, the hepatic artery from the aorta is the oxygenated blood that nourishes the liver itself and the bile duct transports bile made by the hepatocytes from the liver to the duct system that connects to the gallbladder. Functions of the liver are: ??????????? Metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids ??????????? Storage of vitamins (A, D, E, K), minerals (Cu, Fe), and glycogen ??????????? Protein synthesis: albumin, clotting proteins, non-essential proteins ??????????? Detoxification and filtering of drugs, GI blood, ammonia ??????????? Immune defenses due to Kuppfer cells (macrophages in blood capillary sinuses) ??????????? Production of bile salts for digestive processes Bile made in the liver is stored and concentrated in the gall bladder. Bile is composed of bile salts, water, other salts (Na+, Cl-) and bilirubinBile salts are based on cholesterol and bilirubin is the breakdown product of hemoglobin metabolism. Bile enters the duodenum through the common bile duct derived from the liver and gall bladder. ?Bile functions to emulsify fats to enable an increase in surface area of the fat dropl