第五章 血液及造血器官疾病.pdfVIP

第五章 血液及造血器官疾病 第五章 血液及造血器官疾病 §1 概 论 血液的基本功能 • Blood supplies cells with water, electrolytes, nutrients, and hormones, and removes waste products. The cellular elements supply oxygen (red blood cells), protect against foreign organisms and antigens (white cells), and initiate coagulation (platelets). (1) 营养功能  血浆中的蛋白质起着营养储备的 作用。 (2) 运输功能 血浆白蛋白、球蛋白是许多激素、 离子、脂质、维生素和代谢产物的载体。运输 是血液的基本功能，其他功能几乎都与此有关 。 (3) 维持内环境稳定 维持体液酸碱平衡、体内水 平衡、维持体温的恒定等。     (4) 参与体液调节：运输激素作用于相应的靶细 胞，改变其活动。 (5) 防御和保护功能：白细胞具有吞噬、分解作 用；淋巴细胞和血浆中的各种免疫物质（免疫 球蛋白、补体和溶血素等），都能对抗或消灭 毒素或细菌；血浆内的各种凝血因子、抗凝物 质、纤溶系统物质参与凝血 - 纤溶、生理性止 血等过程。 红细胞形态 Bovine blood 红细胞形态 a common finding in blood of clinically normal goats Dog red blood cells. The Cat red blood cells. These cells are majority of the cells are of smaller than canine red blood cells, there similar size and have is slight variation in size and they have prominent central pallor. limited central pallor. Feline blood Canine blood smear: 100x smear: 100x objective Horse red blood cells. These cells are Cow red blood cells. There is smaller than canine red blood cells and slight variation in the size of these they have limited central pallor. Equine cells (anisocytosis) and they blood smear: 100x objective typically have limited central pallor. Bovine blood smear: 100x objective Sheep red blood cells. Note the vary Llama red blood cells. These small size of these cells compared to cells are elliptical-shaped and dog red blood cells and their limited lack central pallor. Llama blood central pallor. There is also slight variation i