英语语言学总结.pdf

。 第一章 All languages have three major components: a sound system, a system of lexicogrammar and a systm of semantics. 语音系统，词汇语法系统和语义系 统。 Language is a means of verbal communication. Design Features of language: the features that define our humanlanguages. 决定了语言性质特征叫 定义特征 Design Features: Arbitratiness( 任意性 ) ：the froms of liguistic signs bear no natural relationsip to their meaning. 语言符号的形式与所表示的意 义没有天然的联系。 1\ Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and ists meaning 语素音义关系的任意性 2\ Arbitrariness at the syntactic level 句法层面上的任意 性。 Syntactic: the sentences are constructed according to the grammar of arrangement. 句法学，是依据语法规定构建句 子结构的方法。 3\ Arbitrariness and convention 任意性和规约性 Duality （二层性）: is meantthe propertry of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. 二层性是指拥有两 层结构的这种特性， 上层结构的单位底层结构的元素构成， 每层 都有自身的组合规则。 Sound- the only function is to combine with one another to form units that have meaning 相互组合构成有意义的单位。 Creativity （创造性）： is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. 源于二层性和递归性 Displacement ( 移位性 ) ：human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication. 人类语言可以让使用者在 交往时用语言符号代表时间上和空间上并不可及的物体时 间或观点。比如现在说孔子。 语言功能 ： 1. informative, also called ideational function. 信息功能也叫概念功能 2) Performative 施为功能， is to change the social status of p