听觉定位和声景分析.pptVIP

Chapter 12;聽覺定位;位置訊息 視覺—直接收錄 聽覺—須經計算;位置線索有哪些？;雙耳位準差（interaural level difference, ILD） 頭構成對聲音的屏障，使高頻音無法抵達異側耳 ILD 受音源位置影響;;;ILD = ITD ? Cone of Confusion;單耳線索（monaural cue） 雙耳時間或位準差無法用以瞭解音源之高度 Head related transfer function (HRTF) 是一種spectral cue 耳朵所接收的聲波與音源不完全相同—經過了頭與耳殼的多次折射，與音源位置有關 如果戴耳機，消除了這些線索，會產生聲音來自頭部之內（internalization）的感受;ITD, ILD HRTF之比較 當聲音中有低頻成分時 ITD是低頻音音源判斷的主要線索 ILD對於高頻音音源判斷重要;落於elevation軸的音源判斷 ITD, ILD不適用 eg., A, B, C 的 ITD, ILD皆為0 D, E 的 ITD, ILD相等 HRTF ;;3-D 音響科技在軍事上的應用 美國AFRL (air force research lab)在軍機上裝設3-D ADG (audio display generator) Benefits of 3-D audio technology to fighter pilots include improving situational awareness, workload management, and dynamic tactical operations. ;Specifically, these improvements would be realized by spatially separating radio communications, integrating radar warning receivers with 3-D audio to better perform friend-or-foe identification tasks, and using off-boresight targeting. AFRL engineers demonstrated off-boresight targeting with an HMD in the Joint Air Strike Technology (JAST) aircraft.9 They integrated the 3-D ADG with an HMD by way of the mission computer. Then they presented potential target locations spatially with headphones. Pilots guided their visual line of sight using the 3-D audio sounds while flying at an angle to the potential target. As a result of the successful JAST flights, the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter System Program Office currently lists 3-D audio as a planned technology upgrade.;Auditory Localization: Narrowly Tuned ITD Neurons;Jeffress Model for narrowly tuned ITD neurons Coincidence detectors fire when signals from both ears arrive at the neuron simultaneously. Other neurons fire to locations corresponding to other ITDs. ;Auditory Localization: Broadly Tuned ITD Neurons;生理基礎;Topographic map (Barn owl) Mesencephalicus lateralus dorsalis (MLD) (inferior colliculus in mammals) 對於音源位置（空間範圍）具選擇性反應的神經元 A, B, C三個神經元的空??位置鄰近性與其接受域的空間鄰近性是平行的→topographic;聽皮質 聽皮質受損的病人也喪失聽覺定位能力 但對特定空間區域調適