内科学教学课件：Outlines of Kidney Disease.pptVIP

It include: dipstick examination: gravity, pH, protein, hemoglobin, nitrites, ketones,etc. microscopic examination: searches for all formed elements----cells, casts, and infecting organisms. URINALYSIS 尿液检查（uronoscopy） PROTEINURIA what is proteinuria? protein in the urine ＞150mg/24hours or (+) urine protein/urine creatinine ＞200mg/g what is microalbuminuria? urine albumin /urine creatinine :30-300ug/mg Classification of proteinuria: ①.functional proteinuria. cause: acute illness,exercise, and orthostatic position. characteristic: transient generally ＜1g/d ② Proteinuria results from overproduction of circulating such as Bence jones proteins associated with multiple myeloma. ③ glomerular proteinuria: cause: abnormalities in the glomerular filtration barrier characteristic: big or middle molecular protein a large amount of protein ﹥2g/d ④ Tubular proteinuria: cause: damaged reabsorption of normally filtered proteins in the proximal tubule. characteristic: small molecular protein generally ＜2g/d Hematuria What is hematuria? ＞3 red cells/HP. (microscopic examination is essential for diagnosis.) Cause of hematuria Renal cause Glomerular disease: a distinctive dimorphic red cells. nonglomerular: stones, infection, tuberculosis,etc. Extrarenal cause: Glomerular Hematuria Painless and total hematuria Proteinuria and casts dimorphic red cells Leukocyturia (pyuria) Conception: ＞5 white cells/HP urinary tract infection interstitial nephritis Lupus nephritis Estimation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) Definition: the amount of plasma ultraf