英语写作ppt展示refutatio.ppt

;; Refutation is the part of an argument where in a speaker or writer anticipates and counters opposing points of view.;Greco-Romans;Convince your audience that the other side is wrong. Convince your audience that your side is right.;Refute the claim;Structure;Comparison with others;Exercise;Conversation 1. ;Conversation 2. ;Conversation 3. ;Conversation 4. ;;How to write Introduction;;;How to write Introduction;What opposing arguments can be attacked;What Opposing Arguments Can be Attacked;;;;;;;;;What Opposing Arguments Can be Attacked;;;;;;;;;;3. Concession type attack;;;2. State how you will refute the argument.;3. Refutation with supporting evidence..;4. The effect of the refutation and transition to continued refutation.;Make the means of communication - language - as clear as possible.? Avoid vague terms Use the vocabulary of debate by referring to issues, arguments, and evidence.; 【Avoid 】The point has been brought up. 【Because】 Vague. Calling everything a point, whether it is an issue, and argument, or evidence, is probably the most common language error in debate. By itself it is vague; when it is overused it leads to total confusion. 【Use instead】 “The contention of workability has been attacked with the argument that” ;【Avoid】 “As our quotes have proved” 【Because】 Vague. Be concrete by making specific references. 【Use instead】 “On the other hand, both Professor X, of White University, and the Director of the National Science Foundation have proved” ;【Avoid】 “They said” or “We said” 【Because】 Vague and clumsy. 【Use instead】 “The first affirmative speaker asserted” or “Miss Smith, in her first constructive speech”;【Avoid】 “We stand on” 【Because】 Clumsy. 【Use instead】 “Our support of this contention has been”;【Avoid】 “Where is their proof?” and “We have offered proof.” 【Because】 Clumsy and erroneous. Proof is often confused with evidence. 【Use instead】 “Where is the supporting evidence to prove” and “We have offered evidence to support”