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0308 托福试题
阅读( 55minutes )
Question 1-11
If food is allowed to stand for some time, it putrefies .When the putrefied material
is examined microscopically ,it is found to be
teeming with bacteria. Where do these
bacteria come from , since they are not seen in
fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenth
century, many people believed that such
microorganisms originated by spontaneous
(5 ) generation ,a hypothetical process by which
living organisms develop from nonliving
matter.
The most powerful opponent of the theory of spontaneous generation was the French chemist
and microbiologist Louis Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur showed that structures
present in air closely resemble the microorganisms seen in putrefying materials .He did
(10) this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. After
the guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it had
trapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteur
found that in ordinary air these exists a variety of
---
--
solid structures ranging in size from
0.01 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of these
bodies resembled the reproductive
(15)structures of common molds, single-celled
animals, and various other microbial cells .
As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen
liters of ordinary air ,and they could
not be distinguished from the organisms found in
much larger numbers in putrefying materials
.Pasteur concluded that the organisms found in
putrefying materials originated
from the organized bodies present in the air .He
postulated that these bodies are constantly
(20)being deposited on all objects.
Pasteur showed that if a nutrient solution was
sealed in a glass flask and heated to
boiling to destroy all the living organisms
contaminating it, it never putrefied .The
proponents of spontaneous generation declared
that fresh air was necessary for
spontaneous generation and that the air inside
the sealed flask was affecte
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