第1届巴塞罗那理工大学数学竞赛试题及答案.pdfVIP

大学生数学竞赛及考研：122307834 数学专业竞赛及考研群：681325984 st 1 BarcelonaTech Mathematics Competition for University Students Problems and Solutions 1. Find all pairs of positive integers n, k , with k prime for which logn (n + k) is a rational number. Solution. First, we observe that the logarithm exists for a positive integer n when n ≥ 2. Since n n +k then we have that 1 logn (n +k). Assume that logn (n +k) = p with p, q positive integers, (p, q ) = 1, and p q . Then, we have q (n + k)q = np (1) Let d = (n, n + k). Then, there exist a, b integers such that (a, b) = 1 with a b such that n = ad, n + k = bd (2) and subtracting, yields (b − a)d = k (3) q q p p Since k is prime and d|k, then d ∈ {1, k}. From (1) and (2) we have that b d = a d q p p −q p q and since p q , it results that b = a d from which follows that a |b . But on account that (a, b) = 1 the preceding holds only when a = 1. Then, bq = dp −q (4) and (3) becomes (b − 1)d = k (5) If d = 1, according to (4) we have that b = 1, which contradicts (3). If d = k, according to (5) it follows th