自学考试英语(二)教材.pdfVIP

01-A . What Is a Decision?什么是决策？ A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. 决 策就是从现成的行动方案中做出选择。The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives. 它旨在确立并实现组织机构的目标及指标。The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.之所以要决策，是因为有问题存在，目标或指标 错误，或有某种东西妨碍了它们的实现。 Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management. 因此，决策过程对于管理 至关重要。 Almost everything a manager does involves decisions, indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making. 管理者所做的一切几乎都与决策有关，事实上，有人 认为管理过程就是决策过程。 Although managers cannot predict the future, many of their decisions require that they consider possible future events. 管理者虽然不能预测未来，但很多决 策要求他们考虑未来可能发生的情况。Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance, but since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions. 通常，他们必须对未来事态做出最佳猜测，使偶然情况尽可能少 地发生，不过，由于未知情况总是存在，风险与决策则往往相伴。Sometimes the consequences of a poor decision are slight; at other times they are serious.有时，决策的疏漏不会造成严重的后 果，但有时候，后果则不堪设想。 Choice is the opportunity to select among alternatives. 选择就是从不同选项中进行取舍。 If there is no choice, there is no decision to be made. 没有选择就没有决策。 Decision making is the process of choosing, and many decisions have a broad range of choice. 决策制定就是选择的 1 过程，而且许多决策有着很广的选择范围。For example, a student may be able to choose among a number of different courses in order to implement the decision to obtain a college degree. 例 如，学生为了实现自己获得学位的目标，就有可能从多门课程中进行选择。 Fo managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like. 对于 管理者来说，每次决策都受到政策、程序、法律、惯例等因素的制约。These constra