环境概论-第3讲-生态系统与有机生物体 2.ppt

环境概论Introduction to Environment 第3讲 Ecosystem and Living Organisms 生态系统与生命有机物 Outline 提要 3.1 Evolution: How Populations Change Over Time 进化:种群随时间如何变化. Natural Selection 自然选择; The Kingdoms of life 生命的界 3.2 Biological Communities 生物群落 Succession: How Communities Change over Time 演替: 群落随时间如何变化 3.3 Keystone Species 关键物种 3.4 Interactions Among Organisms 有机体之间相互关系 3.5 Symbiosis 共生现象 Coevolution 共同进化; Mutualism 互利共生; Commensalism偏利共生 Parasitism: Taking at Another’s Expense 寄生现象:牺牲他人利益 3.5 Predation 捕食 3.6 Competition 竞争 3.7 The Ecological Niche 生态小生境（生态位） 3.1 Evolution: How Populations Change Over Time 进化:种群随时间如何变化. Evolution is a genetic change in a population of organisms that occurs over time. Charles Darwin (1809-1882), a 19th-century naturalist, proposed the mechanism of evolution that is still accepted by the scientific community today. As you will see, the environment plays a crucial role in Darwin’s theory of evolution. It occurred to Darwin that over time, inherited traits favorable to survival in a given environment would tend to be preserved, whereas unfavorable ones would be eliminated. The result would be adaptation, evolutionary reproductive success of the population in a given environment. Eventually the accumulation of modifications might result in a new species. The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection 自然选择方式的物种起源. Natural Selection 自然选择 Darwin’s mechanism of evolution is by natural selection, in which better-adapted individuals-those with a combination of genetic traits better suited to environmental conditions-are more likely to survive and reproduce, increasing their proportion in the population. Over time, the population changes as favorable traits increase in frequency in successive generations, and as unfavorable traits decrease or disappear. Natural selection consists of four observations about the natural world: overproduction, variation, limits on population grow