chemicalchallengesinrenewableenergy在可再生能源化工的挑战.pptxVIP

Mean global energy consumptions;Than it appears that renewable resources will not play a large role in primary power generation unless, or until: . Cost breakthroughs in carbon-free technologies are achieved. . Externalities are introduced , such as environmentally driven carbon taxes. Actually also if there are reassuring resources of fossil fuels, geopolitical and regional factors can affect significantly the price of energy. ;Current global energy consumption = 13.8 TW By 2050 consumption = 25 TW. Need abot 10 TW. Fossil fuels: Can produce extra 10 TW only at risk to environment. Wind/Geothermal/Biomass/Hydroelectric: Cannot produce 10 TW. (But should be implemented where appropriate: energy is extensive) Nuclear: Requires massive investment today to provide power plant infrastructure (10 TW = 10,000 new 1 GW reactors, in 50 years).;; Renewable;;What is the area needed to generate the required power?; Solar is expensive;It competes with grid price not generator cost;Silicon technology dominates the market: 93% for crystalline Si (single-, multi-, poly-, nano-) Market share for Si and thin film technologies were continuously decreasing during last 10 years;; Shockley-Queisser analysis (1961);S-Q limit can be exceeded by violating one or more of its premises. A- Intermediate-band solar cells B- Quantum-well solar cellsl C-Multiple junctions cells; Employment of organic materials;Plastic Cells: Scale-up using Roll-to-Roll Techniques;Solar electricity cost as a function of module efficiency . I- Wafers of silicon. II- Thin films of amorphous silicon , tellurides, selenides III- Research goals: carrier multiplication, multiple junctions, sun light concentration, new materials (organic).;Silicon Si Eg = 1,1 eV Gallium Arsenide AgAs Eg = 1,5 eV Titanium Dioxide TiO2 Eg = 3,2 eV;;;;;Photosyntesis has immense appeal for the closed cycle capture of energy fr