暨大本科生态学课件general ecology 9-2.pptVIP

第9章 群落相互作用 Community interactions Concepts: Definition of community 群落的定义 Community structure 群落结构 Condition and resource 资源与条件 Niche of species 物种的生态位 Interspecies interaction 种间相互作用 Symbiosis 共生关系 Concepts: Mutualistic interaction 互利共生概念 Flowerers and insect 开花植物与昆虫 Mycorrhisa and plant 菌根与植物 Rhizobium in legumes 豆科植物根瘤菌 Fixation of gaseous nitrogen 固氮作用 Fungus and algae 真菌与藻类共生 主要内容 9.3 Competition 竞争作用 9.4 Predation and parasitism 捕食和寄生作用 Concepts: What is competition 什么是竞争 Intraspecific competition 种内竞争 Interspecific competition 种间竞争 Competitive forms 竞争方式 Exploitative competition 利用性竞争 Interference competition 干涉性竞争 Competitive exclusion 竞争排斥法则 Resource partitioning 资源分配 1. What is competition 什么是竞争作用 Competition: The simultaneous demand by same species or different species for limited environmental resources, such as foods, nutrients, living space, or light. 竞争作用：发生于多个相同或不同种的生物之间，它们同时对有限的外部环境资源（食物、营养、生存空间或光照等）的获取或争夺作用。 2. Intraspecific competition 种内竞争 Intraspecific competition can be fierce.　种内竞争一般可能会显得更为激烈 The term of intraspecific competition refers to competition among individuals of the same population or species (种内竞争的概念是指同一种群内部不同个体之间的竞争). 3. Interspecific competition 种间竞争 Interspecific competition - that is, competition between populations of different species – usually is less intense (种间竞争一般不会太激烈). Why? Similarity of requirement 需求相似性 Because of the requirements of two species might be similar, but they will never be as close as those for individuals of the same species. 不同物种间的生物需求相似性绝对不会像同一物种内不同个体间的相似性那样高. 4. Competitive forms 竞争的形式 Competitive interactions take two forms: Exploitative competition 利用性竞争 Interference competition 干涉性竞争 Two forms of competition 两类竞争形式 5. Exploitative competition 利用性竞争 In some cases, all individuals have equal access to a required resource, but some