517孔博实验室网络课第二章tcp.pptVIP

TCP OPERATION (cont.) Buffering TCP OPERATION (cont.) Multiplexing and demultiplexing Sliding Window rwnd: receiver window cwnd: congestion window Sliding Window Protocol Send buffer Receiver window Sliding Window Protocol Expanding the sender window Shrinking the sender window To avoid shrinking the sender window, the receiver must wait until more space is available in its buffer. FLOW CONTROL (cont.) Credit-based Window management Increase and decrease by receiving TCP Delayed segment Delayed TCP segment are treated the same way as lost or corrupted segments by the receiver. The delayed segment may arrive after it has been resent (a duplicate segment) Duplicate segment When a segment arrives that contains a sequence number less than the previously acknowledged bytes, it is discarded. Automatically Corrected Lost Acknowledgment Lost acknowledgment corrected by resending a segment Lost acknowledgments may create deadlock if they are not properly handled FLOW CONTROL (cont.) Credit-based Window management Increase and decrease by receiving TCP Normal Operation Lost segment The receiver TCP delivers only ordered data to the process. Fast retransmission Congestion Control (cont’d) Throughput versus Load the reason is the discarding of packets by the routers Congestion Control in TCP Congestion window Today, TCP protocols include that the sender’s window size is not only determined by the receiver but also by congestion in the network Actual window size = minimum (rwnd, cwnd) Congestion Control in TCP (cont’d) TCP congestion policy summary Congestion Control in TCP (cont’d) Slow start: exponential increase MSS (max. segment size) Congestion Control in TCP (cont’d) Congestion avoidance: additive increase When the size of the congestion window reaches the slow start threshold, in the congestion avoidance algorithm, the size of the congestion window increases additively until congestion is detected Congestion Control in TCP (cont’d) Con