暨大《普通生态学》第11章生物圈-1.ppt

* 段舜山 * 6. Distribution of land masses 陆地分布 The pattern of air movement vertically, and north and south away from the equator, is disrupted by the second factor--the nonuniform distribution of land masses.垂直气流模式受陆地板块不规则分布的影响. Land absorbs and gives up heat faster than oceans do, so air in some areas rises (or sinks) faster than in others. * 段舜山 * 7. Formation of winds 风的形成 Air pressure decreases where warm air rises ( and increases where it sinks ). The differences, give rise to winds(引起风), which disrupt the overall air movement from the equator to the poles. * 段舜山 * The earth’s rotation 地球自转 Finally, the earth’s rotation and overall shape introduce easterly and westerly deflections in wind directions. See Figure 4. * 段舜山 * Figure 4 赤道无风带 东南季风带 东风带 西风带 西风带 东风带 东北季风带 * 段舜山 * 8. Major temperature zones 主要气温带 Together, the differences in solar heating at different latitudes and the modified air circulation patterns define the world’s major temperature zones. * 段舜山 * Rainfall vary with latitude 降水纬度变化 Global air circulation patterns cause rainfall to vary with latitude. At the equator, air picks up moisture and rises to cooler altitudes, then gives up moisture as rain that supports tropical forests. The now drier air moves away from the equator and descends at latitudes of about 30 degrees-where deserts tend to form. * 段舜山 * Rainfall difference 降水差异 Farther from the equator, air picks up moisture, ascends to high altitudes, then creates a moist belt at latitudes of about 60. Finally, dry air descends in polar regions, creating polar deserts. See Figure 5. * 段舜山 * Figure 5 温带落叶林和草原 温带落叶林和草原 荒漠 荒漠 北极冻原 极地冰盖 极地冰盖 热带落叶林 热带雨林 热带落叶林 常绿针叶林 * 段舜山 * 第2节讨论与小结 Solar radiations 太阳辐射 Amount of solar radiation 太阳辐射量 Ultraviolet radiation 紫外辐射 Air circulation patterns 大气循环模式 Air circulation 大气环流 Distribution of land masses 陆地分布 Formation of winds 风的形成 Major temperature zones 主要气温带 段舜山 * * General Eco