大气科学概论：第3章温度的季节变化3.6.pptVIP

Chapter three Seasonal and Daily Temperatures Some terms Scatter 散射 Reflect 反射 Refract 折射 Incidence 入射 insolation summer solstice 夏至 Tropic of Cancer 北回归线 Tropic of Capricorn 南回归线 vernal: spring, ~ equinox 春分 autumnal: fall, ~ equinox 秋分 annual:年的 the ~ variations of SST Counterclockwise 反时针 conduction: 传导heat ~，conductive. Conductivity kinetic:~ energy 动能 convection: 对流 turbulence: 湍流 Insulation 绝缘 gradient: 梯度 turbulence: 湍流 eddy: 涡动， 涡旋 All the earth’s energy is from the sun Question Why does the Earth have seasons ? Key points The tilted earth, its orbit around the sun, and its energy balance Our seasons are regulated by the amount of solar energy received at the earth’s surface. The elliptical path (highly exaggerated) of the earth about the sun brings the earth slightly closer to the sun in January than in July. the angle at which sunlight strikes the surface, how long the sun shines on any latitude (daylight hours). The amount of solar energy is determined primarily by （radiant flux, radiant power） 辐射通量 Φ 辐射功率 定义：单位时间通过某一表面的辐射能 辐射通量密度 F 辐照度  （radiant flux density，irradiance） 定义：单位时间通过单位面积的辐射能 The angle at which sunlight strikes the surface Sunlight that strikes a surface at an angle is spread over a larger area than sunlight that strikes the surface directly. Oblique sun rays deliver less energy (are less intense, radiant flux density) to a surface than direct sun ray. A flashlight How long the sun shines on any latitude The Northern Hemisphere is tilted toward the sun in the summer (June), and away from the sun in winter (December). How long the sun shines on any latitude At the North Pole, the sun rises above the horizon on Mar. 20 and has six months until it sets on Sep.22 Do longer days near polar latitudes mean the highest daytime Summer Temperatures ? Land of the Midnight Sun. These eight exposures of the sun were taken in northern Greenland (latitude 78°N) during late July between about 11:00 P.M. and 1:00 A.M. in the mor