内分泌的分子生物学final.pptxVIP

内分泌系统;;内分泌学发展三阶段;腺体内分泌学;组织内分泌学;分子内分泌学;细胞信息传递方式;跨膜信号转导的一般步骤;（一）神经递质 又称突触分泌信号(synaptic signal);激素的分泌方式;激素的种类 Hormones ;激素的作用机制;;cAMP-蛋白激酶途径; 使有关蛋白或酶类的丝氨酸、苏氨酸残基磷酸化;;类固醇激素与甲状腺素通过胞内受体调节生理过程;MCR（代谢清除率） of some hormones ;内分泌疾病的机制 Mechanisms of endocrine disease;由于感染、坏死、肿瘤的物理性压缩以及自身免疫性疾病导致的??泌腺破坏引起的激素缺乏 Deficiency usually is due to destructive process occurring at gland in which hormone is produced—infection, infarction, physical compression by tumor growth, autoimmune attack;由于遗传缺陷（激素基因缺失或突变），导致激素前体的断裂、特异性酶缺乏（甾体类激素或甲状腺素），引起激素合成减少 Deficiency can also arise from genetic defects in hormone production—gene deletion or mutation, failure to cleave precursor, specific enzymatic defect (steroid or thyroid hormones) ;Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia 先天性肾上腺增生(症) ;受体的灭活性突变导致激素缺乏 Inactivating mutations of receptors can cause hormone deficiency ;由于疾病引起的激素分泌过多 Hormone excess usually results in disease 腺体分泌过量或非内分泌组织的分泌导致激素生成 过量 Hormone may be overproduced by gland that normally secretes it, or by a tissue that is not an endocrine organ. 内分泌腺肿瘤引起激素分泌过量 Endocrine gland tumors produce hormone in an unregulated manner. ;使用外源性激素导致体内激素过量。如糖皮质激素或合成代谢类激素 Exogenous ingestion of hormone is the cause of hormone excess—for example, glucocorticoid excess or anabolic steroid abuse ;受体数量和功能的异常引起内分泌异常 Alterations in receptor number and function result in endocrine disorders 比较常见的是激素水平的异常增高引起可利用受体的数量减少 Most commonly, an aberrant increase in the level of a specific hormone will cause a decrease in available receptors ;糖尿病的分子机制 Molecular mechanism of Diabetes mellitus(DM) ;Definition: DM is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by abnormally high levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both.;1.History of Diabetes（糖尿病的历史） 医生发现糖尿病的症状已有几千年的历史 Physicians have observed the effects of diabetes for thousands of years. For much of this time, little was known about this f