跨文化商务交际第4章文化价值观比较.pptVIP

Uncertainty avoidance Masculinity-femininity Individualism-collectivism Power distance Degree to which people are comfortable with ambiguity uncertainty. (Not Risk Tolerance) Dominance, independence vs. compassion, interdependence, openness. (Competition v. Cooperation) Emphasis on individual goals, needs, success vs. group needs, satisfaction, performance. Degree to which people accept power status differences in society. Confucianism dynamism Long-Term Orientation A future oriented perspective sacrifice for the future. 2.3 Hall’s High-Context and Low-Context Cultures 2.3.1 High-context Culture: High context culture and the contrasting low context culture are terms presented by the anthropologist Edward T. Hall in his 1976 book Beyond Culture. It refers to a cultures tendency to use high context messages over low context messages in routine communication. This choice of communication styles translates into a culture that will cater towards in-groups, an in-group being a group that has similar experiences and expectations, from which inferences are drawn. In a high context culture, many things are left unsaid, letting the culture explain. Words and word choice become very important in higher context communication, since a few words can communicate a complex message very effectively to an in-group (but less effectively outside that group). 2.3.1 High-context Culture Case One: One day, an American businessman went to visit a Chinese family with one of his Chinese friends. In the living room, the American was much interested by the Chinese handicrafts on the shelves. He pointed to one of the handicrafts and extolled it particularly. The Chinese host immediately took the handicraft out of the shelf and gave it to the American and said, “Have it as a present from me.” The American was surprised. He refused to take it and said, “I didn’t mean it. It is a precious handicraft.” But the Chinese host did not stop offering until the American took it. He felt embarras