水利水电翻译.pdfVIP

Design of Spillways Spillways are ordinarily classified according to their most prominent feature .Commonly referred to types can be listed as follows. 1. Free Overall (Straight Drop) Spillways A free overfall or straight drop spillways is one in which the flow drops freely from the crest. This type is suited to a thin arch or deck overflow dam or to a crest is which has a nearly vertical downstream face. Occasionally the crest is extended in the form of an overhanging lip to direct small discharges away from the face of the overfall section. Where no artificial protection is provided at the base of the overfall, scour will occur in most streambeds and will form a deep plunge poll. The volume and depth of the hole are related to the range of discharges, the height of the drop, and the depth of tailwater. A free overfall spillways is not adaptable for high drops on yielding foundations, because of the large impact forces which must be absorbed by the apron at the point of impingement of the jet. Vibrations incident to the impact might crack or displace the structure, with danger from failure by piping or undermining. Ordinarily, the use of this structure for hydraulic drops from head pool to tailwater in excess of 20 feet should not be considered. 2. Ogee (Overflow) Spillways The ogee spillways has a control weir which is ogee or S-shaped in profile. The upper curve of the ogee ordinarily is made to conform closely to the profile of lower nappe of a ventilated sheet falling from a sharp-crested weir. Flow over the crest is made to adhere to the face of the profile by prevening access of air to the under side of the sheet. For discharges at designed head, the flow glides over the crest with no interference from the boundary surface and attains near maximum discharge efficiency. The profile below the upper curve of the ogee is continued tangent along a slope to support th