经典中国历史故事.docxVIP

经典中国历史故事 In the Song Dynasty960-1279 there was a joker called Sun Shan. 宋代有一个名叫孙山的才子，他为人幽默，很善于说笑话，所以人称滑稽才子。 One year he went to take the imperial examination, and came bottom of the list of successful candidates. Back in his hometown, one of his neighbours asked him whether the neighbours son had also passed. Sun Shan said, with a smile: Sun Shan was the last on the list, your son came after Sun Shan. 一年，他和一个同乡的儿子去京城参加举人的考试。放榜的时候，孙山的名字虽然列在榜文的倒数第一名，但仍然是榜上有名，而他那位同乡的儿子，却没能考上。不久，孙山先回到家里，同乡便来问他自己的儿子有没有考取。孙山既不好意思直说，又不便隐瞒，于是，就随口念出两句不成诗的诗句来：解元尽处是孙山，贤郎更在孙山外。解元，就是我国科举制度所规定的举人的第一名。而孙山在诗里所谓的解元，乃是泛指一般考取的举人。他的意思是说：举人榜上的最后一名是我孙山，而令郎的名字却还在我孙山的后面。 Later, people used this idiom to indicate failing in an examination or competition. 从此，人们便根据这个故事，把投考学校或参加各种考试没有被录取叫做名落孙山。 During the late years of the Qi Dynasty221-206BC, Xiang Yu led a rebellion. After crossing the Zhang River, Xiang Yu ordered his men to sink all their boats and break their cooking pots. He issued each soldier three days rations给养 and warned them that there was no way to retreat; the only thing they could do to survive was to advance and fight. After mine fierce battles, the Qin army was finally defeated. This idiom is used to indicate ones firm determination to achieve ones goal at any cost. 秦朝末年，秦军大将章邯攻打赵国。赵军退守巨鹿今河北平乡西南，并被秦军重重包围。楚怀王于是封宋义为上将军，项羽为副将率军救援赵国。 宋义引兵至安阳今山东曹县东南后，接连46天按兵不动，对此项羽十分不満，于是要求进军决战，解困赵国。但宋义却希望秦赵两军交战后待秦军力竭之后才进攻。 但此时军中粮草缺乏士卒困顿，而宋义仍旧饮酒自顾，项羽见此忍无可忍，进营帐杀了宋义，并声称他叛国反楚。于是将士们则拥项羽为上将军。项羽杀宋义的事，威震楚国，名闻诸侯。 随后，他率所有军队悉数渡黄河前去营救赵国以解巨鹿之围。项羽在全军渡黄河之后他下令把所有的船只凿沉，打破烧饭用的锅，烧掉自己的营房，只带三天干粮，以此表决一死战，没有一点后退的打算。 正是这样已无退路的大军到了巨鹿外围，并包围了秦军和截断秦军外联的通道。楚军战士以一当十，杀伐声惊天动地。经过九次的激战，楚军最终大破秦军。而前来增援的其他各路诸侯却都因胆怯，不敢近前。楚军的骁勇善战大大提高了项羽的声威。以至战胜后，项羽于辕门接见各路诸侯时，各诸侯皆不敢正眼眼看项羽。 后来，“皆沉船，破釜甑”演化为成语“破釜沉舟”，以比喻拚死一战，决心很大。 Yang Jian was the regent摄政王 of the last king of Northern Zhou557-581. His wife advised him: Northern Zhou is dying. Now it is as if you are riding on the back of a