普通心理学之心理压力与健康 .ppt

Anger and hostility More anger, and higher risk of coronary events 情绪反应与心脏病 情绪反应增加心血管系统负担； 负情绪反应（anger, stress)——》心血管病人--》myocardial ischemia（心肌缺血）、chest pain（胸疼）等症状。 心脏病人在治疗过程中要尽可能地保持平静心境，避免情绪刺激； 抑郁与心脏病 抑郁病人的心率比较高； Pratt, et al.(1996)发现，在他13年的临床经验看，在初诊心脏病人中，抑郁的病人是其他类型病人的4倍。 愤怒、悲伤：心率上升； 恐惧、厌恶：心率下降; Stress and immune functioning 免疫反应：lymphocytes（淋巴细胞）的功能，以抵抗外来细菌、滤过性病毒媒体、外物的入侵。 Stress reduced immune activity（动物和人类） Featured study: Connecting Stress to the common cold Cohen Tyrrell(1993) Subjects: 154(men),266(women) Method: X: High- or Low- stress Y: Cold % 结果：高紧张组患病概率更大。 特点：考虑了人格和生活习惯等变量。 人格变量的作用 Stress and health：r=.20s~.30s,(不能说紧张是引起疾病的必然因素)。 人格因素可能起重要作用。 Figure 13.12 The stress-illness correlation.?One or more aspects of personality, physiology, or memory could play the role of a postulated third variable in the relationship between high stress and high incidence of illness. For example, neuroticism may lead some subjects to view more events as stressful and to remember more illness, thus inflating the apparent correlation between stress and illness. Factors moderation the impact of stress Social support(社会支持); Optimism and conscientiousness (责任心) Autonomic reactivity(自主神经的反应性); Responding to stress Emotional responding Physiological responding Behavioral responding Figure 13.4 Overview of the stress process.?A potentially stressful event, such as a major exam, elicits a subjective appraisal of how threatening the event is. If the event is viewed with alarm, the stress may trigger emotional, psychological, and behavioral reactions, as people’s response to stress is multidimensional. Responding to stress: emotional responses Stress-》specific cognitive reaction—》specific emotion( Smith and Lazarus, 1991) Self blame自责--》Guilt内疚； Helplessness无助---》sadness悲伤； Common emotional response:annoyance(烦恼）, anger, and rage; apprehension（忧虑）； anxiety（焦虑）,and fear;dejection（沮丧）, sadness and grief（悲痛）； Emotional responses Casper,etal.(1987)的研究 被试：96女性