细胞生物学：Movement of substances across membrane (7年制).ppt

MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS CELL MEMBRANE Mechanisms of Transport ---Provided that there is a pathway, molecules move from a higher to lower concentration Doesn’t require energy Passive transport or facilitated diffusion ---Movement against a concentration gradient requires energy (low to high) Active transport Requires the harnessing of some energy source by the carrier protein Special types of carriers Two major classes of proteins are dealt with Carrier proteins – move the solute across the membrane by binding it on one side and transporting it to the other side Requires a conformation change Channel protein – small hydrophilic pores that allow for solutes to pass through Use diffusion to move across Also called ion channels when only ions moving Carrier vs Channel Channels, if open, will let ions pass if they have the right size and charge ---Trapdoor-like Carriers require that the solute fit in the binding site ---Turnstile-like ---Why carriers are specific like an enzyme and its substrate Ion Channels Have ion selectivity – allows some ions to pass and restricts others Based on pore size and the charges on the inner ‘wall’ of the channel Ion channels are not always open Have the ability to regulate the movement of ions so that control can maintain the ion concentrations within the cell Channels are gated – open or closed Specific stimuli triggers the change in shape and opening or closing of channel Ion Channels Channels Are Either Open or Closed 3 Types of Channels Voltage-gated channels – controlled by membrane potential Ligand-gated channels – controlled by binding of a ligand to a membrane protein (either on the outside or the inside) Stress activated channel – controlled by mechanical force on the cell Auditory Hair Cells Stress activated Sound waves cause the stereocilia to tilt and this causes the channels to open and transport signal to the brain Hair cells to auditory nerve to brain Voltage-Gated Channels Move impulses along the nerve Have v