《大气科学概论》-Atmospheric Science-10气候动力学-a英语教学课件.pptVIP

Jet stream The strength of the tropospheric jet streams and the baroclinic wave activity associated with the midlatitude storm tracks tend to be strongest during wintertime, when the equator-to-pole temperature gradient is strongest. At the longitude of Japan, where stationary planetary-waves generated by the land-sea contrasts and the flow over the major mountain ranges reinforce the tropospheric jet stream, the climatological mean westerly wind component at the 250-hPa level exceeds 70 m s?1. * January climatological mean zonal wind speed at the jet stream (250-hPa) level (contour interval 15ms-1) * 10.2 Climate Variability Variability generated by the interactions between the atmosphere and more slowly varying components of the Earth system is referred to as coupled climate variability. Climate variability may also be externally forced, for example by volcanic eruptions, variations in solar emission, or changes in atmospheric composition induced by human activities. * Basic Climate Statistics Anomaly: Variance: Standard deviation: Standardized anomaly: Correlation coefficient: * (a)The mean 500-hPa height field averaged over the late winter season1998; (b) the climatological-mean wintertime 500-hPa height field (1958-99); (c) The climatological-mean standard deviation; (d) The anomaly field for January- March 1998, calculated by subtracting (b) from (a); (e)The standardized anomaly field calculated by dividing (d) by (c) * Scatter plots of standardized sea-level pressure anomalies for grid points over Iceland, indicated by the red dot in the upper left panel, versus (A) Spitzbergen , (B) southern England, and (C) Portugal. * Internally generated climate variability The day-to-day variability of the geopotential height field is characterized bewildering array of hemispheric patterns. The spatial patterns of month-to-month variability, as manifested in hemispheric or global anomaly fields tend to be simpler: much of the variance is explained by a limited nu