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DEFEAT ING
COERCIV E INFORMAT ION
O PERAT IONS
IN FUT URE CRISES
National Security Perspective
Paul Stockton
DEFEAT ING CO ERC IV E INFORMAT ION O PERAT IO NS IN
FUT URE C RIS ES
Paul Stockton
Copyright © 2021 The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory LLC. All Rights Reserved.
This National Security Perspective contains the best opinion of the author(s) at time of issue. It does not
necessarily represent the opinion of JHU/APL sponsors.
NSAD-R-21-002
DEFEAT ING COERCIV E INFORMAT ION OPERAT IONS IN FUT URE CRIS ES iii
Contents
Figures
v
Summary vi
i
Scoping the Challenge 1
T he Sound of One Hand Clapping 1
Defending the United States against Coercion: T he Nature of the Challenge 5
Untangling the Spaghetti Pile
15
A lig ning IOs along the Conflict Continuum 18
Organization of the Study 25
How Coercion (Sometimes) Works 26
Coercion t hrough Punishment in the Cyber Era 28
I
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