研究生英语阅读基础版课后翻译.pdfVIP

LESSON 1 1. For English is killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh … that their long-term future must be considered … very greatly at risk. 因为英语是个杀手。正是英语造成了凯尔特语、康沃尔语、诺恩语和马恩语等语言的消 亡。这些岛上的分地区依然还有很多社区的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言。然 而，英语在日常生活中无处不在。所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语。英语对仅存的三 种凯尔特语——爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大，人们一定认为 它们遥远的未来是岌岌可危的。 2. He also associatedsuch policies with a prejudice which he calls linguicism (a condition parallel to racism and sexism). As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly “white ”-speaking world, have ( by design or default) encouraged or at English least tolerated —and certainly have not opposed —the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some three centuries ago as economic and colonial expansion. 同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（与种族歧视、性别歧视等类似）的偏见密 切相关。在菲利普森看来，在以白人英语为主导的世界里，主要的机构和个人（有意或 无意地）鼓励或者至少是容忍了（肯定没有反对）英语霸权主义式的传播，这种传播始 于三个世纪之前的经济及殖民扩张。 3. By and large, we now view them as more or less benign, and often talk with admiration and appreciation about the culturesassociated with them and what they have given to the world. And it is fairly safe to do this, because none of them now poses much of a threat. 总的来说，我们现在或多或少地把这些语言看作有利的语言。在谈到与之相关的文化及 其为世界所做的贡献时，我们常怀有崇敬与赞赏，而且这样做是很安全的，因为这些语 言现在已不会构成什么大的威胁。 4. Yet many people see English as a blessing. Let me leave aside here the obvious advantages possessed by any world language, such as a large communicative network, a strong literary and media complex, and a powerful cultural and educational apparatus.