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Chapter 2 Speech Sounds;Question and Answer The definition of phonetics: Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. ;Articulatory phonetics ;The definition of PHONOLOGY : PHONOLOGY is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. It aims to “discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur” (Crystal, 1997: 162). About forty distinctive sounds were identified for English. They form a system and combine in different ways to form syllables. How to identify them: Segmentation and classification Comparison and substitution;How do you describe a speech sound, for example, [b], from the perspective of its production? [b]? voiced bilabial stop [s]??voiceless alveolar fricative ;2.1.1 Speech organs;2) The vocal cords Three main functions: Tightly closed---glottal stop Brought together---voiced Wide open----voiceless ;3)The resonating cavities (what?) The pharynx The nasal cavity The oral cavity;;2.1.2 The IPA (what?) IPA the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet which is devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1888. It is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription. The idea was first proposed by the Danish grammarian? and phonetician Jespersen in 1886. The first version of IPA was published in August 1888. The latest version was revised in 2005. ;The main principles of IPA (what?) There should be a separate letter for each distinctive sound. The same symbol should be used for that sound in any language. http://web.uvic.ca/ling/resources/ipa/charts/IPAlab/IPAlab.htm /ipa-sounds/ipa-chart-with-sounds/ 汉[xan, han] hand [h nd ] 喝[x ];2.2 Consonants and vowels;2.2.1 Consonants;(1) What is the feature of stops爆破音? an explosion resulting from a momentary closure and then release of air, [ph, b, th, d, kh, g] 北Bei (Chinese Pinyin) 北Pei (IPA) (2) What is the feature of Nasals鼻音: where there is