管理类专业学位联考英语（阅读理解）历年真题试卷汇编2.pdfVIP

管理类专业学位联考英语（阅读理解）历年真题试卷汇编2 (总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟) 一、 Reading Comprehension(总题数：5，分数：50.00) Should a leader strive to be loved or feared? This question, famously posed by Machiavelli, lies at the heart of Joseph Nyes new book. Mr. Nye, a former dean of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard and one-time chairman of Americas National Intelligence Council, is best known for promoting the idea of soft power, based on persuasion and influences, as a counterpoint to hard power, based on coercion(强迫)and force. Having analyzed the use of soft and hard power in policies and diplomacy in his previous books, Mr. Nye has now turned his attention to the relationship between power and leadership, in both the political and business spheres. Machiavelli, he notes, concluded that one ought to be both feared and loved, but as it is difficult for the two to go together, it is much safer to be feared than loved. In short, hard power is preferable to soft power. But modern leadership theories have come to the opposite conclusion. The context of leadership is changing, they observe, and the historical emphasis on hard power is becoming outdated. In modern companies and democracies, power is increasingly diffused and traditional hierarchies(等级制)are being undermined, making soft power ever more important. But that does not mean coercion should now take a back seat to persuasion, Mr. Nye argues. Instead, he advocates a synthesis of these two views. The conclusion of The Powers to Lead, his survey of the theory of leadership, is that a combination of hard and soft power, which he calls smart power, is the best approach. The domination theoretical model of leadership at the moment is, apparently, the transformational leadership pattern. Anyone allergic(反感)to management term will already be running for the exit, but Mr. Nye has performed a valuable service in rounding up and summarizing the various academic studies and th