美国结构主义 American Structuralism.pptVIP

American Structuralism;Contents;The background of the American Structuralism;The background of the American Structuralism;The three Periods American Structuralism;Boas; In the preface of his book , he emphasized that during the process of describing language, the linguists should try to “discover, for each language under study, its own particular grammatical structure ” and “to develop descriptive categories appropriate to it” but not impose the rules of other languages or traditional grammar on it (Hu Zhuanglin 2001:425).;Edward Sapir; In his book, he defined language as “a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of a system voluntarily produced symbols.” Sapir’s basic views on relationship between language, race and culture are: race, language and culture are not evenly distributed; the history of language and culture can not be accounted for in terms of race. (Liu Runqing, Feng Zunxing 2004:147);Benjamin Lee Whorf;Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis;The Bloomfieldian Period;For Bloomfield, “linguistic is a branch of psychology, and specifically of the positivistic brand of psychology known as behaviorism.” It’s from the point of “behaviorism” that he holds language is “a chain of stimulus-response” (Hu Zhuanglin 2001:427) behavior and believes that the linguistic description should based on the observation of language.; S r……….s R “S” stands for practical stimulus, “r” stands for the substitute reaction of speech, “s” stands for the substitute stimulus, and “R” stands for external practical reaction.;The first principle: When one individual is stimulated, his speech can make another individual react accordingly. The second principle: The division of labour and all human activities based on the division of labour are dependent on language. The third principle: The distance between the speaker and hearer, two separate nervous systems, is bridged up by sound waves. ;Bloomfield and His Book;Structural