建筑环境与能源应用工程专业英语13PPT课件.ppt

;Basic Concepts and Terms A measurable quantity is a property of phenomena, bodies, or substances that can be defined qualitatively and expressed quantitatively. Measurable quantities are also called physical quantities. Measurement is the process of determinating the value of a physical quantity experimentally with the help of special technical means called measuring instruments. The value of a physical quantity is the product of a number and a unit adapted for these quantities. The true value of a measurand is the value of the measured physical quantity, which, being known, would ideally reflect, both qualitatively and quantitatively, the corresponding property of the object. We shall use the term uncertainty to characterize the inaccuracy of a measurement result, whereas the term error is used to characterize the components of the uncertainty.;Basic Concepts and Terms The measurement error is the deviation of the result of measurement from the true value of the measurable quantity, expressed in absolute or relative form. If A is the true value of the measurable quantity and ?A is the result of measurement, then the absolute error of measurement is ζ = ?A ? A. The absolute error is usually identified by the fact that it is expressed in the same units as the measurable quantity. Absolute error is a physical quantity, and its value may be positive, negative, or even given by an interval that contains that value. One should not confuse the absolute error with the absolute value of that error. For example, the absolute error ?0.3 mm has the absolute value 0.3. The relative error is the error expressed as a fraction of the true value of the measurable quantity ε = (?A ? A)/A. Relative errors are normally given as percent and sometimes per thousand (denoted by ‰).;Measurement Error 测量误差 Measurement error may be defined as the difference between the true value and the measured value of the quantity. Systematic errors 系统误差 Random errors 随机误差;What