建筑环境与能源应用工程专业英语10PPT课件.ppt

  Unit Ten Comfort Heating  Heating System A steam (heating) system uses the vapor phase of water to supply heat or kinetic energy through a piping system. As a source of heat, steam can heat a conditioned space with suitable terminal heat transfer equipment such as fan coil units, unit heaters, radiators, and convectors (finned tube or cast iron), or steam can heat through a heat exchanger that supplies hot water or some other heat transfer medium to the terminal units. Water systems that convey heat to or from a conditioned space or process with hot water are frequently called hydronic heating systems. The water flows through piping that connects a boiler, water heater to suitable terminal heat transfer units located at the space or process. Classified by flow generation, hydronic heating systems may be (1) gravity systems, which use the difference in density between the supply and return water columns of a circuit or system to circulate water; or (2) forced systems, in which a pump, usually driven by an electric motor, maintains the flow. Cast-iron Radiator Expansion Tank Electric Boiler Relief Valve Pump Return Pipe Cold Water Fill Supply Pipe Radiator In the direct-return system, the length of supply and return piping through the subcircuits is unequal, which may cause unbalanced flow rates and require careful balancing to provide each subcircuit with design flow. Ideally, the reverse-return system provides nearly equal total lengths for all terminal circuits. Solar Altitude and Solar Azimuth S Normal Solar Altitude Solar Azimuth （偏东为负，偏西为正） The current value of the solar constant (which is defined as the intensity of solar radiation on a surface normal to the sun’s rays, just beyond the earth’s atmosphere at the average earth-sun distance) is 1367 W/m2. 大气层外太阳辐射强度随日期的变化 Spectral Solar Irradiation 99 ％的能量集中在在0.28μm到5.0μm的波段之间。 Direct solar radiation Diffuse solar radiation Global solar radiation Global solar radiation ＝Direct solar radiation ＋ Dif