材料科学基础英文版.pptxVIP

第1页/共25页Fundamentals of FractureSimple fracture is the separation of a body into two or more pieces in response to an applied stress at low temperatures (relative to the melting temperature)The applied stress: tensile, compressive, shear, or torsionalTwo fracture modes: ductile and brittle, depending on the ability of a material to experience plastic deformationAny fracture process involves two steps – crack formation and propagation. Ductile fracture is corresponding to extensive plastic deformation near advancing cracks and relatively slow crack propagation rate (stable), showing considerable deformation on fracture surfaces (rough); brittle fracture to little plastic deformation and fast crack propagation rate (unstable), showing no apparent deformation on fracture surfaces (smooth)Brittle fracture often cause disasters because there is no warning signal before fracture and it is a very fast process. However, ductile fracture develops slowly and there is warning signal (considerable plastic deformation) before fractureDuctile fracture is always desirable. Under normal conditions, most metal alloys are ductile, but ceramics are considerably brittle and polymers may exhibit both types of fracture 第一页，编辑于星期日：二十一点 三十二分。第2页/共25页Moderately ductile Some deformationHighly ductile Considerable deformationDuctile Fracture (1) Features of ductile fractureMacroscopically Necking down to a pointSome necking第二页，编辑于星期日：二十一点 三十二分。第3页/共25页Microvoids formationCoalescence of microvoids to a crackCupCrack propagationConeDuctile Fracture (2)Microscopically Initial neckingFinal shear fracture at a 45o angle relative to the tensile directionThe fracture surface has a fibrous appearance第三页，编辑于星期日：二十一点 三十二分。第4页/共25页Ductile Fracture (3)Cup-and-cone fracture in aluminum 第四页，编辑于星期日：二十一点 三十二分。第5页/共25页SEM photographDuctile Fracture (4) Sowing many dimplesTypical ductile fracture surface appearance (microscopically) - 1第五页，编辑于星期日：二十一点 三十二分。第6页/共25页Ductile Fracture (5) Typical ductile fracture