AP课程经济学名词解释.docxVIP

AP课程经济学名词解释 据360教育集团介绍：给大家分享的ap课程微观经济学名词解释，希望对各位有所帮助。pleasehighlightcriticalterms; =对于您应该知道的事实来说并不重要 chaptertwodemandsupply 效用——期望从每一种选择中获得的利益、幸福或满足。 marginalutility-thebenefit(satisfaction)receivedoranticipatedwhenanadditionalamountofanactivityisundertaken;usuallyusedwithmarginalopportunitycost.usuallyfallsasquantityofaparticularactivityrises,accordingtothelawofdiminishingreturns. 边际效用递减法是一个边际收益递减法的例子（见第二章），该法指出，当消耗更多的商品时，额外或边际价值将下降。换句话说，边际效用降低了消费。这正是我们所需要的。剩余的总供给量超过了需求量，表明价格高于均衡水平；此外，还提供了可靠的供应。 demand-therelationshipbetweenthepriceandquantitydemandedofagood,allelsebeingheldconstant;demandisbasedonmarginalutility.*quantitydemanded-theamountofagoodthatbuyerswishtobuyataparticularprice.lawofdemand-therulethatsaysthatthedemandrelationshipisaninverseornegativeone(aspricerises,quantitydemandedfalls,allelsebeingheldconstant)elasticdemand-whenbuyersareveryresponsetochangesinprice,duetotheavailabilityofsubstitutes.inelasticdemand-whenbuyersdonotrespondtochangesinprice,duetolackofsubstitutes.quantitysupplied-theamountofagoodthatsellerswishtosellataparticularprice. Giffeng提供了向上倾斜的需求曲线（理论） equilibriumpirce-priceatwhichquantitysuppliedequalsquantitydeanded*supply-therelationshipbetweenthepriceandquantitysuppliedofagood,allelsebeingheldconstant;therelationshipbetweentheamountofagoodofferedforsalebysellersandthepriceofthegood;supplyisbasedonmarginalopportunitycost.lawofsupply-statesthatthesupplyrelationshipisadirectone(aspriceofagoodgetshigher,theamountofferedforsalewillincrease,allelsebeingheldconstant). 政府最高限价；Apricekeptbelowe平衡，导致短缺。 pricecontrols-pricessetbygovernment.pricefloor-aminimumpricesetbythegovernment;*market-thetotaloftradesandtradenegotiationsbetweenbuyersandsellersinwhichtheyexpresstheirdesires(reflectedinsupplyanddemand).*surplus-agreaterquantitysuppliedthanisdemanded,indicationofpriceaboveequilibrium;alsocalledexcesssupply 黑市机会可能导致有利但非法的交易。