文本说明成果.pptxVIP

Tropical Cyclone StructureOutlineStructure of the mature TCBasic flows (circulations, Carnot cycleEyeEyewallRainbandsDefinitionsPrimary Circulation – Horizontal circulation caused by the horizontal pressure gradient forceSecondary Circulation – Circulation in the vertical plane Forced by buoyancy in the eyewall and low-level convergencePrimaryCirculationTyphoon ChabaSecondary CirculationCarnot Cycle – Theoretical Foundation for TC FlowsIn 1824, Sadi Carnot proposed an “Idealized Heat Engine”A heat engine converts input energy (maybe from a fire) into work (like a steam engine)Each heat engine has an efficiency:Temperature of “Cold”Resevoir (outflow level of TC)Temperature of “Hot”Resevoir (SST)The Carnot Cycle describes an idealized (reversible) heat engine and can be applied to tropical cyclonesPressure / Volume (PV) Diagram11Isothermal Expansion (adiabaticcooling + sensible heat flux)22Adiabatic Expansion (cooling partiallyoffset by latent heat release)3Isothermal Compression (adiabaticwarming + radiational cooling)443Adiabatic Compression (adiabaticwarming)4321Tropical Cyclone EyeFormed by sinking air in center of TC from the tropopauseAdiabatic warming causes cloud free conditions down to about 850 mbLow levels usually have stratocumulus layerWarm anomaly (due to adiabatic compression and sensible heating from eyewall) maximizes around 300 mbSurface conditions: light winds, partly cloudy skiesLowest surface pressure of TC in eyeRange in size from 8 – 200 km across Size not well correlated with intensityTropical Cyclone EyeMesovorticesEyewall slopes outward withheightHurricane Frances (2004) from International Space Station Hurricane Isaac (2001)Hurricane Wilma (2005)882 mb930 mbIsabel (2003)Isabel (2003) from ISSLoop From September 14 -Hurricane Georges (from ) Temperature Anomaly in EyeEyewallStrongest surface windsStrongest updraftsHighest cloud topsMore than 50% of intense (winds 120 kt.) TCs have multiple eyewalls at some p