Chapter_13_Chemical_Kinetics公开课教案教学设计课件案例.pptVIP

13.10 Strategy Because the overall reaction can be broken down into elementary steps, knowing the elementary steps would enable us to write the overall reaction. What are the characteristics of an intermediate? Does it appear in the overall reaction? What determines which elementary step is rate determining? How does a knowledge of the rate-determining step help us write the rate law of a reaction? 13.10 Solution Adding the equations for steps 1 and 2 gives the overall reaction Because the O atom is produced in the first elementary step and it does not appear in the overall balanced equation, it is an intermediate. If we assume that step 1 is the rate-determining step, then the rate of the overall reaction is given by and k = k1. 13.10 Check There are two criteria that must be met for a proposed reaction mechanism to be plausible. The individual steps (elementary steps) must sum to the corrected overall reaction. The rate-determining step (the slow step) must have the same rate law as the experimentally determined rate law. * A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being consumed. Ea k ratecatalyzed rateuncatalyzed Ea Ea ′ Uncatalyzed Catalyzed * In heterogeneous catalysis, the reactants and the catalysts are in different phases. In homogeneous catalysis, the reactants and the catalysts are dispersed in a single phase, usually liquid. Haber synthesis of ammonia Ostwald process for the production of nitric acid Catalytic converters Acid catalysis Base catalysis * N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g) Fe/Al2O3/K2O catalyst Haber Process * Ostwald Process Pt-Rh catalysts used in Ostwald process 4NH3 (g) + 5O2 (g) 4NO (g) + 6H2O (g) Pt catalyst 2NO (g) + O2 (g) 2NO2 (g) 2NO2 (g) + H2O (l) HNO2 (aq) + HNO3 (aq) * Catalytic Converters CO + Unburned Hydrocarbons + O2 CO2 + H2O catalytic converter 2NO + 2NO2 2N2 + 3O2 catalytic converter * Enzyme Catalysis * B