文稿教程笔记animals plus.pptx

Distributions of Tropical Bee Colonies Social interactions Produce and enforce regular species Ecologists---Stephan Hebbell and Leslie Hohnson Study competition and nest spacing in populations of stingless bees in tropical dry forests in Costa Rica Rival colonies of some species fight fiercely over potential nesting sites Sting bees Abundant in tropical and subtropical environments Gather nectar and pollen from a wide variety of flowers Nest in trees Live in trees Live in colonies made up of hundreds to thousand of workers Observation Aggressive species Some species are highly aggressive to members of their species from other colonies Forage in groups Feed mainly on flowers that occur in high-density clumps(一团) Non-aggressive species Feed singly or in small groups On more widely distributed(分布较广) flowers Relationship between aggressiveness and patterns of colony distribution Prediction Colonies of aggressive species---regular distribution Colonies of nonaggressive species---random or closely grouped (clumped) distribution Study A thirteen-hectare(13公顷) tract(大片土地) of tropical dry forest Contain numerous nests of nine species of stingless bees The availability of potential nest sites for colonies---distribution (大范围内的潜在筑巢地点的可得到性) Steps Map the distributions of trees suitable for nesting Finding Potential nest trees were distributed randomly The number of potential nest sites was much greater than the number of bee colonies The number of colonies in the study area was not limited by availability of suitable trees A clumped or regular distribution of colonies was not due to an underlying clumped or regular distribution of potential nest sites 他们的巢穴的分布是在一起的还是均匀分布的，和潜在的筑巢地点或是均匀分布的筑巢地点是无关的 Study Mapped the nests of five of the nine species of stingless bees accurately The nests of four of these species were distributed regularly(好斗的) Regular nest distributions --- highly aggressive to bees from other colonies of their own species Randomly distributed---not aggressive The