Philosophy背景试题知识.docxVIP

Common sense Common sense?is sound practical judgment concerning everyday matters, or a basic ability to?perceive,?understand, and?judge?that is shared by (common to) nearly all people.[1]The first type of common sense, good sense, can be described as the knack for seeing things as they are, and doing things as they ought to be done. The second type is sometimes described as?folk wisdom, signifying unreflective knowledge not reliant on specialized training or deliberative thought. The two types are intertwined, as the person who has common sense is in touch with common-sense ideas, which emerge from the lived experiences of those commonsensical enough to perceive them.[2] In a psychology context, Smedslund defines common sense as the system of implications shared by the competent users of a language and notes, A proposition in a given context belongs to common sense if and only if all competent users of the language involved agree that the proposition in the given context is true and that its negation is false.[3] The everyday understanding of common sense derives from historical philosophical discussion involving several European languages. Related terms in other languages include Latin?sensus communis, Greek?κοιν? α?σθησι??(koinē aísthēsis), and French?bon sens, but these are not straightforward translations in all contexts. Similarly in English, there are different shades of meaning, implying more or less education and wisdom good sense is sometimes seen as equivalent to common sense, and sometimes not.[4] Common sense also has at least two specifically philosophical meanings. One is a capability of the animal soul (Greek?psukhē) proposed by?Aristotle, which enables different individual senses to collectively perceive the characteristics of physical things such as movement and size, which all physical things have in different combinations, allowing people and other animals to distinguish and identify physical things. This common sense is distinct from basic senso