行业大牛总结：减粘裂化（Visbreaking）、灵活焦化、延迟焦化、流化焦化.pdfVIP

Thermal cracking 5 5.1 Introduction Balancing product yield and market demand, without the manufacture of large quantities of fractions having low commercial value, has long required processes for the conversion of hydrocarbon derivatives of one molecular weight range and/or structure into some other molecular weight range and/or structure. Basic processes for this are cracking processes in which high-boiling constituents of crude oil are cracked (thermally decomposed) into lower molecular weight, lower boiling mole- cules, although reforming, alkylation, polymerization, and hydrogen-refining pro- cesses have wide applications in producing premium-quality products (Parkash, 2003; Gary et al., 2007; Speight, 2014, 2017; Hsu and Robinson, 2017). Thermal cracking is a high-temperature process (in some cases pressure is also applied) in which the constituents of crude oil are decomposed to break molecular bonds and yield products having a lower molecular weight than the feedstock. The process is one of several cracking methods used in the crude oil industry to process crude oil and other crude oil products for commercial use (Parkash, 2003; Gary et al., 2007; Speight, 2014, 2017; Hsu and Robinson, 2017). Cracking processes allow the production of lower boiling products such as meth- ane, ethane, propane and butane [liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)], and naphtha from higher molecular weight fraction or constituents such as gas oil and residua. Thermal cracking is currently used to produce low-boiling fractions or distillates, burner fuel, and/or crude oil coke. The major process variables are (1) feedstock type, (2) temperature, and (3) pressure and residence time, which need to be consid- ered to maximi