《批评言语行为研究》.ppt

Speech Act of Criticism;1. The New Oxford Dictionary of English define criticism as the expression of disapproval of someone or something based on perceived faults and mistakes. 2. The Modern Chinese Dictionary gives a definition of criticism as: 1. comments on someone’s merits and demerits; evaluation of someone’s strength and weakness; 2. comments on someone’s mistakes and faults.;Direct criticism is direct expression of negative evaluation without reservation. It is most explicit in speaker’s intention to criticize, leaving no chance for the interlocutor to misunderstand it, so that direct criticism is regarded as very effective criticism strategy. Indirect criticism means that the illocutionary force of criticism is uttered by means of the performance of other speech acts, so the speaker’s real intention can be partially concealed.;criticism;The “Face Theory” was put forward by Brown and Levinson. “Face” can be divided into two kinds, and one is the “positive face” which is in the need of praise and compliment from other people , the other is the “negative face” which avoids losing face by interfered and disturbed by other people. ;Researchers usually adopts Discourse Completion Test and Comparative Study to collect data. As to the data, in the perspective of “Face Theory”, we can divide them into nine groups. In the same way, according to the Indirect Speech Act, we can divide them into seven groups. ; By stating the intentions, the speaker make his attitudes and opinions realized by the addressee. It can lessen the distance between the speaker and listener. for example: (1) 夏天是个多梦的季节 我当学生的时候也在课堂上睡过觉 学习是件辛苦的事情 我特别理解大家的心情 但是 学生时代是学知识 长本领的黄金时代 无穷岁月增中减 有趣学问苦后甜 人生的关键只有几步 特别是年轻的时候 让我们一起振作起来 同仇敌忾 驱走瞌睡这个恶魔. (2) I know how busy you are and w hat a heavy paper lo ad you must have. It is understandable that occasionally a term paper is misplaced, but . . . ;The speaker intentionally offers some reminder to the hearer in order to make him aware of his mistake and