肿瘤医学期末复习讲义.docx

Medical English Terminology 医学英语术语学 Cancer Medicine 肿瘤医学 讲义 27- Cancer Medicine-Oncology (1) 肿瘤医学 (1) Carciogenesis 肿瘤形成 Cancer is a disease caused by abnormal and excessive growth of cells in the body. Cancer cells accumulate as growths called malignant tumors that compress, invade, and ultimately destroy the surrounding normal tissue. In addition to their local growth, cancerous cells spread throughout the body by way of the bloodstream or lymphatic vessels. 癌症是一种由机体内细胞异常和过度生长所致的疾病。肿瘤细胞不断积聚生长，被称为恶性肿瘤，它们压迫、入侵、最后破坏周围正常组织。除了局部生长，癌细胞通过血液或淋巴管扩散至身体其它部位。 The three components which have improved survival in cancer are as follows: Prevention – by reduction of risk factors like tobacco and alcohol consumption Early diagnosis – screening of common cancers, comprehensive diagnosis and staging Treatment – multimodality management 提高癌症生存的三个方法 预防-减少危险因素：吸烟、酒精 早期诊断-筛查常见肿瘤、全面诊断和分期 治疗-多种方法综合管理 Tumor (neoplasms) Benign 良性─Slowly growing 生长缓慢─Encapsulated noninvasive 有包膜、无侵袭─Welldifferentiated 分化良好─ Nonmetastatic 不转移 Malignant 恶性─Rapidly growing 生长迅速─Invasive and infiltrative 侵袭和浸润─Anaplastic and undifferentiated 不分化─Metastatic 转移的 Intact skin surface 皮肤表面完整 Expansive growth 膨胀性生长 capsule 有包膜 homogeneous 切面呈均质性 invasive growth 浸润性生长 ulceration of skin 皮肤表面溃疡 lymphatic invasion 淋巴浸润 blood invasion 血管浸润 hemorrhage 出血 necrosis 坏死 inhomogeneous cut surface 切面异质性 Homo/same: homogeneity 同质的 heter/different :heterosexual 异性恋的 heterogeneity 异质性 CARCINOGENESIS-1 Initiation 启动 Promotion 促进 Progression 演变 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 脱氧核糖核酸 Ribonucleic acid (RNA) 核糖核酸 Cytoplasm 细胞质 Chromosome 染色体 Hyperchromasia 核深染 Chrom/:color 色；stain 染色 Nucleotide 核苷酸 Sugar 糖 Phosphate 磷酸 Base 碱基 Adenine 腺嘌呤 Guanine 鸟嘌呤 Thymine 胸腺嘧啶 Cytosine 胞嘧啶 Uracil 尿嘧啶 cell division 细胞分裂 mitosis 有丝分裂 Protein synthesis 蛋白质合成 Code 编码 Coded message 编码的信息 Transcribe 转录 Synthetize 合成 (synthetic) Syncytia 合胞体 CARCINOGENESIS-2 Environmental