凯恩斯的失业分类.pdfVIP

凯凯恩恩斯斯的的失失业业分分类类 凯恩斯认为古典就业理论建⽴在两个假设基础之⼀，即在劳动的供 和需求完全竞争条件下，⼀是⼯资等于劳动的边际产品， ⼆是⼯资带来的效⽤等于劳动带来的边际⽆效⽤。凯恩斯认为这样的假设与摩擦性失业 （frictional unemployment）和⾃愿性 失业 （voluntary unemployment）相容。 摩擦性失业的原因：a temporary want of balance between the relative quantities of specialized resources as a result of miscalculation or intermittent demand ; time-lags consequent on unforeseen changes; the fact that the change-over from one employment to another cannot be effected w ithout a certain delay, so that there w ill always exist in a non-static society a proportion of resources unemployed “between jobs” ⾃愿性失业的原因：refusal or inability of a unit of labor, as a result of legislation or social practices or of combination for collective bargaining or of slow response to change or of mere human obstinacy, to accept a reward corresponding to the value of the product attributable to its marginal productivity 除此之后，凯恩斯认为还应该有⾮⾃愿失业 （involuntary unemployment），即有效需求 （effective demand）不⾜引起的失 业。