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Chapter 5 Imperfections in Solids 第五章 固体中的不完整性_ 晶体缺陷 吉林大学材料科学与 5.1 INTRODUCTION crystalline defect: 晶体缺陷 a lattice irregularity having one or more of its dimensions on the order of an atomic diameter. Classification of crystalline imperfections: 晶体不完整性的分类 1. point defects (those associated with one or two atomic positions, Impurities in solids ), 2. linear defects(or one-dimensional), 3. interfacial defects, or boundaries, which are two-dimensional. 2021/5/29 Chapter 5 Imperfections in Solids 2 5.2 POINT DEFECTS IN METALS Vacancy: 空位 A normally occupied lattice site from which an atom or ion is missing. Self-interstitial. (同质) 间隙原子 A host atom or ion that is positioned on an interstitial lattice site. 2021/5/29 Chapter 5 Imperfections in Solids 3 5.2 POINT DEFECTS IN METALS Vacancy: The equilibrium number of vacancies Nv: 平衡间隙原子数 Qv Nv = N exp(− ) kT Here: N is the total number of atomic sites, Qv is the energy required for the formation of a vacancy, T is the absolute temperature1 in kelvins, and k is the gas or Boltzmann’s constant. 2021/5/29 Chapter 5 Imperfections in Solids 4 5.2 POINT DEFECTS IN METALS Example Problem 5.1. Calculate the equilibrium number of vacancies per cubic meter for copper at 1000°C. The energy for vacancy formation is 0.9eV/atom; the atomic weight and density (at 1000 °C) for 3