量子力学学习课件第十二章英文版.pptxVIP

Chapter 12 Afterword12.1 The EPR Paradox 42112.2 Bell’s Theorem 42312.3 The No-Clone Theorem 42812.4 Schrodinger’s Cat 43012.5 The Quantum Zeno Paradox 431 1. Did the physical system “actually have” the attribution prior to the measurement? Realist, quantum mechanics is incomplete?2. Did the act of measurement itself “create” the property? Orthodox, collapse the wave function?3. Refuse to answer? agnostic 12.1 The EPR Paradoxe-e+π0In 1935, Einstein, Podolsky, Rosen, EPR paradoxLocality: No influence can propagate faster than light.Instantaneous? Entangled states: a two-particle can not be expressed as product of two one-particle states. 12.2 Bell’s TheoremJohn Stewart Bell(1928-1990)electronpositronproduct+1-1-1+1+1+1-1+1-1+1-1-1-1-1+1………Bell proposed to calculate the average value of the product of two particle’s spins in the direction of unit vector a and b, it is called P(a,b).Then: (Problem 4.50)For arbitrary orientations, quantum mechanics predicts:Suppose that the “complete” state of the electron/positron system is characterized by the hidden variable(s) λ, then there exists some function A(a, λ) and B(b, λ) which give the results of electron and positron’s measurement. These functions can only take on the value of +1 or -1If ρ(λ) is the probability density for hidden variable, then: If c is any other unit vector:since [A(b,λ)]2=1,Bell inequality 12.3 The No-Clone TheoremFor a unitary operator Uthen:Wootters，Zurek and Dieks 1982 Quantum Xerox can copy vertical states and horizontal ones perfectly, but fail for diagonal. 12.4 Schr?dinger Catwhat measurements you can make so that you can tell which mode S is in, without looking at the position of the switch? Schr?dinger, 1935 12.5 The Quantum Zeno ParadoxSpecifically, suppose a system starts out in the excited state ψ2,, which has a natural lifetime for transition to the ground state ψ1. Ordinarily, for times substantially less than :second measurement at 2t:according to equation 9.39:only one measurem