量子力学学习课件第九章英文版.pptxVIP

Chapter 9 Time-Dependent Perturbation Theory9.1 Two-level Systems 3419.2 Emission and Absorption of Radiation 3489.3 Spontaneous Emission 355 9.1 Two-level systemsSuppose that there are just two states of the system. They are eigenstates of the unperturbed Hamiltonian,and they are eigenstates orthonormal:Any state can be expressed as a linear combination of them:In the absence of any perturbation,each component evolves with its characteristic exponential factor at time t: 9.1.1 The perturbed systemNow suppose we turn on a time-dependent perturbation, then the wave function can expressed as follows:Where:So, we find that: The first two terms on the left cancel the last two terms on the right, and henceWhere: In that case the equations simplify: 9.1.2 Time-Dependent Perturbation TheorySuppose the particle starts out in the lower state:First order:Zeroth order: Second order: 9.1.3 sinusoidal perturbations: As a function of time, the transition probability oscillates sinusoidally: The probability of a transition is greatest when the driving frequency is close to the “natural” frequency: 9.2 Emission and absorption of radiation An electromagnetic wave consists of transverse oscillating electric and magnetic fields. 9.3 Spontaneous emission For example (harmonic oscillator) Allowed decays for the first four Bohr levels in hydrogen