生物细胞细胞分化与基因表达调控.pptxVIP

第1页/共47页生物细胞细胞分化与基因表达调控第2页/共47页The different cell types of a multicellular organism contain the same DNA.A cell can change the expression of its genes in response to external signals.Differences in mRNA expression patterns among different cell types.Different cell types synthesize different sets of proteins.Gene expression can be regulated at many of the steps in the pathway from DNA to RNA to protein.第3页/共47页The four essential processes by which a multicellular organism is made: Cell proliferation, Cell specialization, Cell interaction, and Cell movement.第4页/共47页Cell differentiation occurs in multicellular organismsHuman: 1014 cells, 200 cell types第5页/共47页2. Why a fertilized egg can develop into different cells: Gene differentiated express 分子杂交技术检测基因及其表达第6页/共47页3. Combinational control and Gene differentiated express pp.416: 12-1:2n (n=3, A,B,C)第7页/共47页4. House-keeping genes and luxury genesHouse-keeping genes: Expressed in all cell types, essential for all cellsLuxury genes: Tissue-specific genes, expressed in special cellsSequential expression of various genes in early Drosophila embryo第8页/共47页5. Transdifferentiation: From one type of cell into another typeIncludes: Dedifferentiation---Redifferentiation去分化再分化第9页/共47页Cell totipotency (细胞全能性)The ability of a cell develops into a complete organism 1. Plant cells植物细胞具有全能性，在适宜条件下可培育成完整植株，已广泛应用第10页/共47页A new organism created by the process of nuclear transplantation2. Animal cloning—Transplantation of frog red cell nucleus indicated the nucleus of animal is totipotency(全能性)第11页/共47页Dolly: A lamb with no father cThe sheep star: Dolly第12页/共47页克隆能给人类带来什么？克隆动物是未来的制药厂克隆的爱因斯坦会懂“相对论”吗第13页/共47页Stem cell and its differentiation potential 1. What is a stem cell ?Has two abilities:(1)Self-renewing(2)Differentiating第14页/共47页2. Where to get the stem cells?(1) Embryonic stem cells 第15页/共47页(2) Adult stem cells第16页/共47页(3) Umbilical cord blood stem cells (4) Fetal stem cells 第17页/共47页3. Types of stem cells: differentiation p