农户经营学－第二讲.pptx

农户经营学 第二 讲农户分析框架及农户行为理论介绍7/11/2023 有关于理性小农的讨论？官员和学者的观点调查的经历孟德拉斯的观察 农户行为分析框架背景农户资源制度变迁和政府行为农户行为结果宏观经济环境；社会制度；政府政策；气候条件；地理条件；地区文化等自然资源；资本；人力资本；物质资本；社会资本等公共机构和组织；市场法令等农业活动的增强或减弱；收入多样化；外出等 产出或收入增加； 风险减少； 获得更多工作机会； 贫困状况减少或消失等农户生存背景分析农户资源禀赋状态分析制度和政策影响分析农户生计策略分析策略结果分析来源：Ian Scoones. (1998), Sustainable rural livelihoods: a framework for analysis, IDS Working Paper 72 农户决策过程农户投入劳动力；固定资产；耕地；资金；技术等农户产出产出最大化或收入最大化或利润最大化或效用最大化生产决策消费决策市场环境政策环境生产条件发展程度 “The theory of the optimizing peasant”(Lipton, 1968) a The profit maximization peasant; b The risk-averse peasant; c The drudgery-averse peasant; d The farm household peasant； e The sharecropping peasant. The five alternative theories of peasant household economic behavior a: The profit maximizing peasant Schultz hypothesis that families in developing countries were ‘efficient but poor’, and thus that ‘There are comparatively few significant inefficiencies in the allocation of the factors of production in traditional agriculture’ (Schultz, 1964: Transforming Traditional Agriculture) 一些案例危地马拉的研究：这个社会到处存在产品和要素的定价的竞争，从各方面说，价格都是特别灵活的。印第安人“首先是一个企业家，一个商人”，他总在竭力寻求哪怕能赚到一个便士的新途径（索尔·塔克斯，《一个便士的资本主义》）轮作制、耕种法、品种、灌溉技术……，这一切都保留了丰富的实际经验和文化才智积累的痕迹。……从村民的观点来看，每个人都竭力尽了自己在一定知识和文化背景下的最大努力。（戴维·霍珀，《中印度北部农村的经济组织》）舒尔茨，《改造传统农业》，商务印书馆，1999年 Peasants are profit maximizing economic agents who are thus efficient producers. technical efficient and allocative/price efficientPolicy implicationIf peasants are efficient within the constraints of existing technology then only dramatic change in technology will do. (transformation approach)If peasants are technically inefficient, then peasant education and extension has a major role. (improvement approach) b: The risk-averse peasantRisk, uncertainty and peasants risk - probabilities can be attached uncertainty - probabilities cannot be attached Natural hazards;