大学逻辑学知识.docxVIP

名词解释 单选 不定项选择 证明 论述 分析题（中文） 名词解释： 量词(quantifier) A logical word that represents the number of individuals satisfying some property or relationship. 谓词(predicate) A word used to express the nature of individuals or the relationship between individuals. 直言命题(categorical proposition) A proposition that expresses whether a class of things has or does not have a certain property. 谬误(fallacy) A bad argument is a fallacy, which means that it violates the reasonableness standard of the argument, and the support for the admissibility of the claim. 主项(subject) The term in the proposition that refers to the object of the thing. 三段论(syllogism) Also known as categorical syllogism. It is the inference that a new categorical proposition is derived from the premise of two categorical propositions which contain a common term. It is a kind of categorical propositional indirect reasoning. 简单命题(elementary proposition) Some propositons are simple, in which another proposition does not appear as a component, tis components are lexical items, and contain no other propositions. 归纳逻辑(inductive logic) A logical theory whose main research object is inductive reasoning. 科学假说(scientific hypothesis) According to the existing facts and relevant scientific theories,the paper makes a hypothetical explanation and a tentative answer to the problem studied. 外延(term denotation) one or a class of objects referred to by the term, that is, the scope of objects referred to by the term. A term is usually divided according to a certain standard to clarify the extension of the term. 单选： 全称肯定直言命题（A命题）SAP：所有S是P SEP：所有S不是P SIP：有的S是P SOP：有的S不是P 穆勒五法Mill’s methods 求同法the method of agreement 求异法difference 共变法concomitant variations 剩余法 residus 求同求异并用法the joint method of agreement and difference 谓词逻辑的自然演绎系统——NQ 命题逻辑的自然演绎系统——NP 条件概率公式P（B/A）=P(A/\B)/P(A) 贝叶斯公式P(A/E)=P(A)*P(E/A)/[P(A)*P(E/A)]+[P(非A)*P(E/非A)] 简答题：Parents often say to us, “It’s good for you.” This is a fallacy(appeal to the emotional fall