计算机知识点总结.docxVIP

1.Algorithm：An algorithm is a set of steps that defines how a task is performed. 算法是定义如何执行任务的一组步骤。（算法的非正式定义）（了解） 2.Program：A program is a representation of an algorithm ,encoded in a manner compatible with the technology of the machine.程序是一种算法的表示，以与机器技术兼容的方式进行编码。（了解） 3.Programming（填空）： The process of developing a program, encoding it in machine-compatible form, and inserting it into a machine is called programming, or sometimes coding. 开发程序，以机器兼容的形式对其进行编码并将其插入机器的过程称为编程，有时也称为编码。/与program区分开，知道什么时候填什么。 Software : Programs, and the algorithms they represent, are collectively referred to as software, in contrast to the machinery itself, which is known as hardware. 程序及其所代表的算法统称为软件，与机器本身（称为硬件）相反。 1、Bits :Abstractions allow us to represent many kinds of data. but at the lowest level,inside todays computers all information is encoded as patterns of 0s and 1s.These digits are called bits(short for binary digits). 抽象允许我们表示多种数据。但在最低级别，在今天的计算机中，所有信息都被编码为0和1的模式。这些数字称为位（二进制数字的缩写）。 （概念） 5.A string of eight bits is called a byte. Thus, a typical memory cell has a capacity of one byte.) 八位的字符串称为一个字节。因此，一个典型的存储单元具有一个字节的容量。（记住） 6、编码模式coding mode——ASCII、UTF（Unicode）、UTF-8、GB2312（了解就行） Chapter2 Data Manipulation\数据操控 1、The circuitry in a computer that controls the manipulation of data is called the central processing unit, or CPU.计算机中控制数据操作的电路被称为中央处理单元，或CPU。（名词解释答到这就可以）A CPU consists of three parts：arithmetic/logic unit、control unit、register unit（简答题加上这句） 2、A CPU consists of three parts : the arithmetic/logic unit, which contains the circuitry that performs operations on data (such as addition and subtraction); the control unit, which contains the circuitry for coordinating the machine’s activities; and the register unit, which contains data storage cells (similar to main memory cells), called registers, that are used for temporary storage of information within the CPU. CPU由三个部分组成（图2.1)：算术/逻辑单元，其中包含对数据执行操作的电路（如加法和减法）；控制单元，其中包含用于协调机器活动的电路；和寄存器单元，它包含数据存储单元（类似于主存储单元），称为寄存器，用于在CPU内临时存储信息。（问