Topic-2C-–-Membranes-and-Cell-Transport质膜与细胞运输.pptVIP

Cell Membrane Structure and Function1 Membranes and Cell TransportAll cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane. Cell membranes are composed of a lipid bilayer with globular proteins embedded in the bilayer.On the external surface, carbohydrate groups join with lipids to form glycolipids, and with proteins to form glycoproteins. These function as cell identity markers.2 Fluid Mosaic ModelIn 1972, S. Singer and G. Nicolson proposed the Fluid Mosaic Model of membrane structureExtracellular fluidCarbohydrateGlycolipidTransmembraneproteinsGlycoproteinPeripheralproteinCholesterolFilaments ofcytoskeletonCytoplasm3 PhospholipidsIn phospholipids, two of the –OH groups on glycerol are joined to fatty acids. The third –OH joins to a phosphate group which joins, in turn, to another polar group of atoms. The phosphate and polar groups are hydrophilic (polar head) while the hydrocarbon chains of the 2 fatty acids are hydrophobic (nonpolar tails).Structural formulaSpace-filling modelPhospholipid symbolHydrophilicheadHydrophobictailsFatty acidsCholinePhosphateGlycerolHydrophobic tailsHydrophilic head4 PhospholipidsGlycerolTwo fatty acidsPhosphate groupHydrophilicheadsHydrophobictailsECF WATERICF WATER5 Phospholipid BilayerMainly 2 layers of phospholipids; the non-polar tails point inward and the polar heads are on the surface.Contains cholesterol in animal cells.Is fluid, allowing proteins to move around within the bilayer.Polarhydro-philicheadsNonpolarhydro-phobictailsPolarhydro-philicheads6 The Fluidity of MembranesMembrane molecules are held in place by relatively weak hydrophobic interactions.Most of the lipids and some proteins drift laterally in the plane of the membrane, but rarely flip-flop from one phospholipid layer to the other.Membrane fluidity is influenced by temperature. As temperatures cool, membranes switch from a fluid state to a solid state as the phospholipids pack more closely.Membrane fluidity is also influenced by its components. Membranes rich in unsatur