组胚英语理论课件西安交大.pdfVIP

HUMAN EMBRYOLOGY Tianbao Song 保 Department of Histology and Embryology Chapter 1 Introduction 1. What is embryology? •Normal development •Birth defects Embryology is a science that studies the normal development as well as birth defects of a human being in the maternal uterus. 2. Normal development 38 weeks from fertilization to parturition 1) Preembryonic period: First 2 weeks; Fertilization to formation of the bilaminar germ disc. 2) Embryonic period: Weeks 3 – 8; Primordia of all major organs develop from the 3 germ layers. 3) Fetal period: Week 9 – birth. Growth of the organ systems 3. Birth defects 1. Definition: structural and functional defects present at birth (congenital malformations ). The study of congenital malformations is called tology. 2. Causes 1) G ic factors (25%) 2) Environmental factors ( togens) (10%) 3) In ction of g ic and environmental factors (65%) 3.2.1 G ic factors 1) Numerical abnormalities of chromosomes Autosomes -- Trisomy 21 (Down’s syndrome): special face, mental retardation, heart defect, simian crease. chromosomes -- XO (Turner’s syndrome): no ovary webbed neck short stature mental retardation 2) Structural abnormalities of chromosomes: break, deletion, etc. e.g.: 5p- → cat cry syndrome 3) G ic mutations metabolic or functional disorders (e.g. phenylketonuria, galactosemia); a few malformations